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Types of Brain Injuries and Their Long-Term Effects

Home  >  Blog  >  Types of Brain Injuries and Their Long-Term Effects

August 25, 2026 | By Hach & Rose, LLP
Types of Brain Injuries and Their Long-Term Effects
Quick Answer

What Types of Brain Injuries Are Caused by New York Accidents?

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) range from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent cognitive, physical, and emotional impairments. If another person's negligence caused your brain injury, you may be entitled to compensation for your medical treatment, lost income, pain and suffering, and future care.

brain scans TBI

While many people associate brain injuries with a loss of consciousness or visible head trauma, serious damage can occur even when there are few outward signs immediately after an accident. Symptoms may develop over hours, days, or even weeks, affecting memory, concentration, balance, mood, speech, and the ability to work or perform everyday activities.

At Hach & Rose, LLP, we have spent nearly 25 years representing injured New Yorkers and have recovered more than $1 billion for our clients. We understand that brain injuries often require extensive medical treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term support.

If someone else's negligence caused your traumatic brain injury, our attorneys can help you pursue compensation that reflects both your immediate losses and your future needs.

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Key Takeaways About New York TBIs

  • Traumatic brain injuries range from mild concussions to severe, life-altering brain damage.
  • Many brain injury symptoms do not appear immediately after an accident.
  • Different types of TBIs require different diagnostic tests and treatment plans.
  • Long-term effects may include cognitive, physical, emotional, and behavioral changes.
  • Thorough medical documentation is essential for both physical recovery and a personal injury claim.

What Is a Traumatic Brain Injury?

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an external force disrupts normal brain function. TBIs commonly result from motor vehicle crashes, falls, construction accidents, workplace incidents, sports injuries, and acts of violence.

Some brain injuries involve a direct blow to the head, while others occur when the brain rapidly moves inside the skull during a collision. Even without a skull fracture or penetrating injury, the force of an accident can damage brain tissue and interfere with normal neurological function.

What Are the Most Common Types of Brain Injuries?

Traumatic brain injuries vary significantly in severity, symptoms, and recovery time. They are often accompanied by neck and back injuries that create additional concerns. Understanding the different types of brain injuries can help accident victims recognize the importance of obtaining prompt medical evaluation and pursuing legal compensation for their expenses.

Concussions

A concussion is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Although often described as "mild," concussions should never be taken lightly.

Concussions frequently cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, nausea, sensitivity to light or noise, fatigue, and problems with memory or concentration. Although these symptoms are often temporary, some individuals develop post-concussion syndrome and continue experiencing cognitive and neurological problems for months after the accident.

Most people recover completely, but some experience symptoms that persist for months.

Contusions (Brain Bruises)

A contusion is bruising of the brain tissue caused by direct trauma to the head. Larger contusions may increase pressure within the skull and sometimes require surgical treatment.

Depending on the affected area, a brain contusion may interfere with speech, coordination, memory, or movement.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Diffuse axonal injury occurs when rapid acceleration or deceleration tears microscopic nerve fibers throughout the brain. DAIs frequently occur in:

  • High-speed car accidents
  • Truck collisions
  • Motorcycle crashes
  • Falls from significant heights

These injuries can range from relatively mild to catastrophic and are among the leading causes of long-term neurological disability after serious accidents. They can also require long-term, expensive medical treatment.

Penetrating Brain Injuries

Penetrating injuries occur when an object enters the skull and damages brain tissue directly. Although less common than closed-head injuries, penetrating brain injuries often require emergency surgery and extensive rehabilitation.

Coup-Contrecoup Injuries

In some accidents, the brain strikes one side of the skull before rebounding and striking the opposite side. This can cause injuries in multiple brain regions, resulting in a combination of cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments.

Suggested Visual: Table comparing the major types of brain injuries, common causes, symptoms, and typical treatment approaches.
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What Are the Long-Term Effects of a Brain Injury?

No two traumatic brain injuries are exactly alike. While some people recover within weeks, others experience symptoms that last for months or become permanent. The long-term effects often depend on the type of brain injury, the area of the brain that was affected, the severity of the trauma, and how quickly treatment begins.

Cognitive Changes

Many traumatic brain injuries affect how the brain processes information. Survivors may struggle with memory, concentration, attention, problem-solving, or decision-making long after the initial injury has healed. Even relatively mild cognitive impairments may interfere with employment, education, and independent living.

Physical Effects

Brain injuries can also produce lasting physical symptoms that affect a person's mobility and overall health. Depending on the severity of the injury, these physical limitations may require ongoing rehabilitation, assistive devices, or long-term medical care to help maintain independence and quality of life.

Emotional and Behavioral Changes

The emotional effects of a traumatic brain injury are often just as significant as the physical ones. Changes in mood, personality, or behavior may develop as the brain heals, causing depression, anxiety, irritability, impulsiveness, sleep disturbances, or difficulty regulating emotions. These challenges can strain relationships with family members, interfere with a person's ability to return to work, and make everyday interactions more difficult.

How Are Traumatic Brain Injuries Diagnosed?

Diagnosing a traumatic brain injury often requires several different types of evaluation. Physicians may perform neurological examinations, order CT or MRI scans to identify structural injuries, and recommend cognitive, balance, speech, or neuropsychological testing to better understand how the injury affects brain function.

Some injuries, particularly concussions and mild TBIs, may not appear on routine imaging. Physicians often rely on symptom history, neurological findings, and follow-up evaluations to determine the extent of the injury.

What Medical Treatment Is Available for Brain Injuries?

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the brain injury. Some individuals require emergency surgery to relieve pressure inside the skull, while others benefit from rehabilitation designed to restore physical, cognitive, and communication skills.

Recovery often involves a multidisciplinary team that may include neurologists, neurosurgeons, rehabilitation physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, psychologists, and other specialists working together to maximize recovery.

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Why Brain Injury Cases Can Be Difficult to Prove

One of the greatest challenges in brain injury cases is that many symptoms are invisible. An individual may appear physically healthy while struggling with memory loss, cognitive fatigue, concentration problems, or emotional changes that substantially interfere with daily life.

Insurance companies sometimes question these injuries because standard imaging does not always capture the functional effects of a traumatic brain injury. Experienced New York brain injury lawyers understand the importance of presenting comprehensive medical records, specialist evaluations, neuropsychological testing, and testimony from treating providers to demonstrate how the injury has affected a person's life.

Building a Strong Brain Injury Claim

A successful brain injury claim often depends on documenting not only the initial diagnosis but also how the injury continues to affect the victim over time. Important evidence may include:

  • Emergency medical records
  • Neurology consultations
  • Neuropsychological evaluations
  • Rehabilitation records
  • Imaging studies
  • Employment records
  • Testimony from treating physicians
  • Documentation showing changes in daily functioning

Together, this evidence helps establish the full extent of both current and future damages.

Can You Recover Compensation After a Traumatic Brain Injury?

If another person's negligence caused your brain injury, you may be able to recover compensation for both economic and non-economic damages. However, New York's statute of limitations only gives you three years to file a lawsuit, so it's wise to take action quickly.

Economic damages often cover medical expenses, future rehabilitation, lost wages, diminished earning capacity, and other financial losses. Non-economic damages compensate injured individuals for pain and suffering, emotional distress, loss of enjoyment of life, and the lasting effects a traumatic brain injury can have on everyday activities and relationships.

Because brain injuries often require ongoing treatment and rehabilitation, evaluating future damages is an important part of many personal injury claims.

To learn more about our broader New York personal injury practice, reach out to the Hach & Rose, LLP team today.

FAQs About Brain Injury Cases in New York

Can I recover compensation if my brain injury symptoms were not diagnosed immediately?

Yes. Many traumatic brain injuries are not fully diagnosed immediately after an accident. As long as the medical evidence shows that your injury was caused by the accident, delayed symptoms or a later diagnosis do not automatically prevent you from pursuing a personal injury claim.

Will I need a neurologist or other specialist to support my brain injury claim?

Specialist care can provide important evidence in more serious cases. Neurologists, neuropsychologists, rehabilitation physicians, and other specialists may help explain the extent of the injury, required treatment, and how the injury affects your ability to work and perform everyday activities.

Can I recover compensation if my traumatic brain injury prevents me from returning to my previous job?

Yes. If your brain injury permanently limits your ability to perform your previous job or reduces your future earning capacity, you may be able to seek compensation for those long-term financial losses. Medical evidence, employment records, and vocational evaluations may all be used to demonstrate how the injury has affected your career.

Why do brain injury claims often require extensive medical evidence?

Many brain injury symptoms are not visible on routine imaging. Medical records, neurological evaluations, rehabilitation records, and neuropsychological testing often provide important evidence demonstrating how the injury affects a person's daily life and future.

Contact a New York Brain Injury Lawyer at Hach & Rose, LLP to Learn More About Your Legal Rights

A traumatic brain injury can affect your health, your career, your relationships, and your future. If your injury was caused by someone else's negligence, you should not have to face those challenges alone.

For nearly 25 years, Hach & Rose, LLP has helped injured New Yorkers pursue compensation for serious and life-changing injuries. Our attorneys understand the medical complexity of traumatic brain injury cases and work to build claims that fully reflect their long-term impact.

To discuss your case during a free consultation, contact Hach & Rose, LLP today at (212) 779-0057 or complete our confidential contact form.

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Frequently Asked Questions for New York Personal Injury Lawyers

Our attorneys in New York offer free consultations to injured victims and their families. You can call us at 212-779-0057 to make an appointment.

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Am I able to recover lost wages or medical bills?

An experienced injury attorney can help you to seek and recover various damages like loss of income and medical bills, depending on the nature of the claim. Personal injury accident victims in New York, NY should contact a lawyer at Hach and Rose for a free case evaluation.

I'm one of several surviving family members. Can I file a claim on behalf of the injured party in New York, NY?

If you're a family member of an injured victim, you may be able to file a lawsuit on behalf of the victim. Contact us today at (646) 766-1670 to discuss your case.

Is there a fee if I don't win the case?

Our personal injury lawyers in New York, NY, do not charge any fees unless we obtain compensation for our clients.

Do I really need an attorney for a simple motor vehicle accident?

If you've been injured or have lost a loved one in a motor vehicle accident, regardless of the circumstances, it's important to speak with a personal injury attorney as soon as possible. Accidents involving motor vehicles can be complex and require an attorney to investigate the details surrounding the incident. Call us today at (646) 766-1670 for a free evaluation.

I have a permanent injury. How do I pursue compensation against someone for that person's negligent actions?

If you have a permanent injury, your personal injury lawyer can discuss the different options for compensation with you. Our personal injury lawyers in New York, NY, are prepared to help victims just like you. To schedule a free appointment with one of our personal injury attorneys, call (646) 766-1670 today.

My child had a birth injury. Is this the fault of the medical professionals? Am I entitled to financial compensation?

If a medical professional failed to properly diagnose or treat an injury during the birthing process, this might be grounds for a claim. In addition, our birth injury attorneys in New York state can help you to file a lawsuit on behalf of your child if there was any inappropriate or negligent behavior from medical staff that resulted in injury or death, also known as medical malpractice.

In addition to my permanent injuries, I suffer from emotional distress related to the accident. What is the legal process to getting full and fair compensation?

Our experienced New York personal injury lawyers can file a claim for emotional distress caused by the negligence of another. Contact us at (646) 766-1670 for more information about how we can help you seek full compensation

I'm not sure if I need a lawyer. Do you offer other forms of legal assistance?

Our personal injury attorneys in New York, NY, can help you to explore your legal options for different types of claims. We offer free consultations where you can discuss your claim with one of our experienced accident lawyers. Call us or fill out the form on our website to get started.

My insurance company will not pay for my medical bills after a serious injury. Can you help me?

No insurance company should deny an injured victim of medical negligence proper compensation. A New York injury and accident attorney works with victims and their families to file a lawsuit against negligent parties to seek compensation for injuries and damages.

Where are you located in New York City?

The law office of Hach & Rose, LLP is located at 112 Madison Ave, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10016

How do I know if I have a New York personal injury case?

An experienced accident lawyer can help you to determine if you have a valid claim. To schedule a free case evaluation with one of our accident attorneys in New York, NY, call (646) 766-1670.

Helping Victims Get Justice In New York

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Hach & Rose, LLP, is proud to offer completely free consultations to our clients with no obligations or strings attached. Our personal injury law firm has multilingual support, and we work on behalf of our clients nationwide. Hach & Rose is not just a single experienced injury lawyer but rather a team of attorneys who work together to handle personal injury claims and personal injury lawsuits. Please call our law firm at (646) 374-4158 or spend a couple of seconds completing the contact form online. We are dedicated to our clients, and in the event that you contact us after office hours, we commit to responding to you quickly.

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